Device-to-device communications for 5G Radio Access Networks

Nowadays it is very popular to share video clips and images to one’s social network in the proximity. Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the means to respond to this requirement. D2D offers users improved end-to-end latency times, and additionally can provide higher data rates. At the same time the overall cellular network congestion decreases. D2D is also known as Proximity Services (ProSe). LTE is missing direct D2D communication. Currently D2D for 5G is standardised in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Releases 12, and in parallel Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society (METIS) project has D2D as one of its research topics. Multiple articles have been published about D2D communication. This thesis is a literature based thesis following D2D communication in 5G literature. The scope is to describe similarities and differences found in Technical Reports and Technical Specifications of the 3GPP Release 12, in deliverables written in METIS project and in some selected D2D related publications about D2D communications. 3GPP Release 12 concentrates on ProSe at least for public safety. ProSe communication out-of-coverage is only for public safety purposes. METIS provides multiple solutions for diverse D2D topics, for example, device discovery, radio resource management, mobility management and relaying. METIS provides solutions for D2D communication not yet mature enough for development and implementation but which might be realized in the future.Nykyisin on suosittua lähettää lyhyitä videoita tai kuvia läheisyydessä oleville ystäville. Laitteiden välinen suora kommunikointi eli D2D-viestintä tuo ratkaisun tähän vaatimukseen. D2D-viestinnän ansiosta viive lyhenee ja lisäksi siirtonopeudet kasvavat. Samaan aikaan koko verkon kuormitus vähenee. Suora kahden laitteen välinen kommunikointi puuttuu LTE:stä. Tällä hetkellä 3GPP Release 12 standardisoi suoraa kahden laitteen välistä kommunikointia. Samanaikaisesti Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society (METIS) –projektin yhtenä tutkimuskohteenaan on kahden laitteen välinen suora kommunikointi, Lisäksi on lukuisia julkaisuja liittyen D2D-viestintään. Tämä diplomityö perustuu kirjallisuuteen. Sen tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kahden laitteen välistä suoraa kommunikointia on kuvattu 3GPP Release 12:ta teknisissä spesifikaatioissa, METIS-projektin julkaisuissa sekä muutamassa valitussa tieteellisessä julkaisussa. Tavoitteena on selvittää D2D-viestinnän yhtäläisyyksiä sekä poikkeamia. 3PGG Release 12 standardointi keskittyy D2D-viestinnän käyttöön ainakin julkisessa pelastustyössä. D2D-viestinnän tulee ainakin julkisessa pelastustyössä toimia myös siellä missä matkapuhelinverkko ei toimi tai sitä ei ole olemassa. METIS tarjoaa useita ratkaisuja D2D-viestinnän eri osa-alueille, esimerkiksi laitteiden tunnistamiseen, resurssien hallintaan, liikkuvuuden hallintaa ja viestien edelleen lähettämiseen. METIS-projekti on tuottanut D2D-viestinnän ratkaisuja, joiden toteuttaminen on järkevää ja mahdollista vasta tulevaisuudessa

Transcripts of the Prostate Cancer-Associated Gene <i>ANO7</i> Are Retained in the Nuclei of Prostatic Epithelial Cells

Prostate cancer affects millions of men globally. The prostate cancer-associated gene ANO7 is downregulated in advanced prostate cancer, whereas benign tissue and low-grade cancer display varying expression levels. In this study, we assess the spatial correlation between ANO7 mRNA and protein using fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for the detection of mRNA and protein in parallel sections of tissue microarrays prepared from radical prostatectomy samples. We show that ANO7 mRNA and protein expression correlate in prostate tissue. Furthermore, we show that ANO7 mRNA is enriched in the nuclei of the luminal cells at 89% in benign ducts and low-grade cancer, and at 78% in high-grade cancer. The nuclear enrichment of ANO7 mRNA was validated in prostate cancer cell lines 22Rv1 and MDA PCa 2b using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) on RNA isolated from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of the cells. The nuclear enrichment of ANO7 mRNA was compared to the nuclearly-enriched lncRNA MALAT1, confirming the surprisingly high nuclear retention of ANO7 mRNA. ANO7 has been suggested to be used as a diagnostic marker and a target for immunotherapy, but a full comprehension of its role in prostate cancer progression is currently lacking. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of ANO7 expression in prostatic tissue

ANO7 is associated with aggressive prostate cancer

Abstract Prostate cancer is one of the most common and heritable human cancers. Our aim was to find germline biomarkers that can predict disease outcome. We previously detected predisposing signals at 2q37, the location of the prostate specific ANO7 gene. To investigate, in detail, the associations between the ANO7 gene and PrCa risk and disease aggressiveness, ANO7 was sequenced in castration resistant tumors together with samples from unselected PrCa patients and unaffected males. Two pathogenic variants were discovered and genotyped in 1769 patients and 1711 unaffected males. Expression of ANO7 vs. PrCa aggressiveness was investigated. Different databases along with Swedish and Norwegian cohorts were used for validation. Case–control and aggressive vs. nonaggressive association analyses were performed against risk and/or cancer aggressiveness. The ANO7 mRNA level and patient survival were analyzed using expression data from databases. Variant rs77559646 showed both risk (OR 1.40; p = 0.009, 95% CI 1.09–1.78) and association with aggressive PrCa (Genotype test p = 0.04). It was found to be an eQTL for ANO7 (Linear model p‐values for Finnish patients p = 0.009; Camcap prostate tumor p = 2.53E‐06; Stockholm prostate tumor cohort p = 1.53E‐13). rs148609049 was not associated with risk, but was related to shorter survival (HR 1.56; 95% CI 1.03–2.36). High ANO7 expression was independently linked to poor survival (HR 18.4; 95% CI 1.43–237). ANO7 genotypes correlate with expression and biochemical relapse, suggesting that ANO7 is a potential PrCa susceptibility gene and that its elevated expression correlates with disease severity and outcome